Introduction Corporate entrepreneurship has long been viewed as an organizational response to environmental uncertainty, technological disruption, and competitive pressure. Established firms engage in entrepreneurial behavior to generate innovation, renew strategic capabilities, and create new streams of value within existing organizational structures. Traditionally, this process has depended heavily on human capital, managerial coordination, research and development teams, a

Introduction The emergence of artificial intelligence as a general-purpose entrepreneurial technology has altered the foundations of new venture creation. For much of modern entrepreneurship theory, the process of starting a firm has been understood as a human-centered endeavor shaped by opportunity recognition, resource mobilization, team formation, and iterative market learning. The Virgen Framework offers a more contemporary way of describing this phenomenon by positioning

Abstract The Virgen Framework presents a provocative response to one of the central assumptions in entrepreneurship and organization theory: that scale requires proportional increases in human labor, managerial hierarchy, and operational cost. In the reviewed article, the framework is introduced as an AI-driven model for launching and operating large ventures with a small team, or even a single founder, by treating artificial intelligence not as a support tool but as a core m

Startups operate under acute resource constraints and uncertainty. The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm suggests that sustainable advantage depends on valuable, rare, inimitable, and well-organized resources (Virgen, 2026). In the startup context, these resources often take the form of expertise, technology, or organizational innovations. Complementing this, resourcefulness – the founder’s creative ability to stretch and recombine scarce assets – enables startups to prog

Sustainability has evolved from a peripheral corporate concern into one of the central drivers of modern business strategy. Organizations across industries are increasingly expected to balance financial success with environmental stewardship, social responsibility, ethical governance, and long-term stakeholder value. Investors, consumers, regulators, employees, and communities now evaluate companies not only by profitability but also by their ability to operate sustainably in

The Virgen Framework: A framework for launching and operating a large company with a small team or a single founder by exploiting artificial intelligence (AI) at scale. The Virgen Framework is an organizational and strategic framework introduced in 2026 by Miguel Virgen that explains how large scale enterprises can be launched, managed, and scaled by a very small team, or a single founder through the systematic exploitation of artificial intelligence (AI) at scale. The fr

Strategic management scholarship has long been concerned with explaining why some firms consistently outperform others despite operating in similar industries and environments. While early strategy research emphasized industry structure and competitive positioning, subsequent scholarship shifted attention toward the internal characteristics of firms as the primary drivers of sustained performance differences. The VRIO framework (value, rarity, imitability and organization), h

The Agile and Scrum framework represents a fundamental shift in how organizations conceive, plan, and execute complex work. Emerging initially within software development, Agile challenged traditional, plan-driven project management approaches that assumed stable requirements and predictable outcomes. Software Development based on Scrum Agile in a distributed development environment plays a pivotal role in the software industry by facilitating software development across geog

One of the most persistent problems in management theory and practice is the gap between strategic intent and day-to-day execution. Businesses need to develop new performance measurement systems to help solve complex issues. One such measurement system is objectives and key results (OKRs), which has been adopted by Google with great success ( Rompho, 2024). Organizations often articulate compelling visions yet struggle to convert them into coordinated action across teams and

Organizations operating in complex social, economic, and policy environments face a fundamental challenge: demonstrating how their actions lead to meaningful and lasting change. Traditional planning and evaluation tools often focus on activities and outputs while leaving underlying assumptions implicit. The Theory of Change framework emerged as a response to this limitation by offering a structured way to articulate causal pathways between interventions and desired outcomes.

One of the central challenges in strategic management is not the formulation of strategy but its effective implementation. Organizations frequently articulate ambitious strategies that fail to materialize in practice due to misalignment between formal structures, processes, and the human elements that shape everyday behavior. The McKinsey 7S framework emerged as a response to this implementation gap, offering a holistic lens through which organizations can be analyzed as inte

The marketing mix remains one of the most enduring and widely taught frameworks in marketing theory and practice. Despite repeated critiques that it oversimplifies complex market dynamics, the framework persists because it provides a structured way to translate strategy into operational decisions. Originating in the mid-twentieth century, the 4P Marketing Mix was designed to help firms systematically manage controllable variables in pursuit of market objectives. As economies

Modern markets are characterized by profound heterogeneity in customer needs, preferences, purchasing power, and behavior. The assumption that a single product or marketing strategy can effectively serve an entire market has long been challenged by both empirical evidence and theoretical development. The Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning framework, commonly referred to as STP, emerged as a systematic response to this challenge. It provides a structured logic for unders

From Predictive Planning to Learning Under Uncertainty The Minimum Viable Product framework has become one of the most influential concepts in contemporary entrepreneurship and innovation practice. Popularized within the Lean Startup movement, the MVP reframed product development from a linear, prediction-driven process into a learning-oriented cycle grounded in experimentation and feedback. Rather than striving to build fully featured products based on untested assumptions,

Rethinking Competition in Saturated Markets Traditional strategic management has long been grounded in the assumption that firms must compete within clearly defined industry boundaries, striving to outperform rivals through cost leadership, differentiation, or focus. This competitive logic presumes scarcity, rivalry, and zero-sum outcomes. Blue Ocean Strategy emerged as a challenge to this dominant worldview by arguing that long-term superior performance is achieved not by co

Why Value Propositions Became Central to Strategy and Innovation As markets have become increasingly saturated and competitive, firms can no longer rely solely on superior technology, operational efficiency, or scale to sustain competitive advantage. Instead, the ability to clearly articulate and deliver compelling value to customers has emerged as a central concern in strategic management and entrepreneurship. Within this context, the concept of the value proposition has evo

Introduction: Why Business Models Became Central to Strategy Over the past two decades, the concept of the business model has moved from the margins of strategic management discourse to its very center. This shift reflects broader changes in the competitive landscape, including digitalization, platform-based competition, and the increasing importance of innovation beyond products and processes. Traditional strategy frameworks, which focused primarily on industry positioning o

The Enduring Importance of Macro-Environmental Analysis Strategic decision-making in business and entrepreneurship unfolds within complex macro-environmental contexts that extend far beyond firm boundaries and industry dynamics. Political shifts, economic cycles, social transformations, technological change, environmental pressures, and legal frameworks jointly shape the opportunities and constraints faced by organizations. The PEST and its extended variant, PESTEL, have emer

View PDF DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18365324 Few strategic management tools have achieved the enduring recognition and widespread adoption of the SWOT Analysis framework. Despite its apparent simplicity, SWOT analysis continues to be taught in leading business schools, applied in corporate boardrooms, used by entrepreneurs, and referenced in academic research across disciplines including strategy, entrepreneurship, public policy, and international business. SWOT's o

The AIDA framework and its later evolution into conversion funnel theory remain foundational constructs in marketing scholarship and practice. Although frequently criticized for their linearity and simplicity, these models persist because they offer a structured way to understand how individuals move from initial exposure to eventual action. The AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) model is a classic concept in marketing communications that describes the psychological s