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Doctors In Business Journal: Your Source for Business Insights and Academic Material to help drive your success.
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Business Growth: How Belief, Capability, and Action Drive Sustainable Entrepreneurial Success
Entrepreneurship is often discussed in terms of ideas, funding, and market opportunity, yet one of the most powerful drivers of business growth is far less visible. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, defined as an individual’s belief in their ability to successfully perform entrepreneurial tasks, shapes how entrepreneurs interpret challenges, make decisions, and persist under uncertainty. While capital and strategy matter, belief in one’s capability often determines whether these
Miguel Virgen, PhD Student in Business
18 hours ago7 min read
Fintech and Banking: How Digital Innovation Is Redefining the Financial System
The financial system has always evolved alongside technology, but few periods have seen change as rapid or as consequential as the current era. Fintech and banking, once viewed as separate worlds, are now deeply intertwined. Traditional banks that dominated global finance for centuries are being reshaped by software-driven innovators, while fintech companies increasingly resemble banks in everything but name. This convergence is redefining how money moves, how credit is alloc
Dr. Bruce Moynihan
4 days ago7 min read
The Smart Entrepreneur’s Guide to Using Credit Cards to Fuel Business Growth
For modern entrepreneurs, credit cards are no longer just a payment tool. They have evolved into one of the most flexible and powerful financial instruments available to small business owners. When used strategically, credit cards can help entrepreneurs manage cash flow, smooth out revenue volatility, earn valuable rewards, and even fund growth without giving up equity. In an environment where access to traditional financing can be slow or restrictive, credit cards often beco
Dr. Bruce Moynihan
4 days ago7 min read
Best Payroll Software for Small Businesses in 2026: Your Guide to Smarter, Easier Payroll Management
Payroll management remains one of the most critical yet challenging administrative tasks for small business owners. Payroll isn’t just about cutting checks — it’s about ensuring compliance with ever-changing federal and state tax laws, managing withholdings correctly, processing direct deposits, and maintaining accurate records for W-2s and 1099s. Handling these tasks manually with spreadsheets or basic accounting software can lead to costly errors, audit risks, and wasted ho
Dr. Bruce Moynihan
Feb 27 min read
Artificial Intelligence and the Changing Nature of New Ventures: Introducing the Virgen Framework for AI-Driven Entrepreneurship
The Virgen Framework: A framework for launching and operating a large company with a small team or a single founder by exploiting artificial intelligence (AI) at scale. The Virgen Framework is an organizational and strategic framework introduced in 2026 by Miguel Virgen that explains how large scale enterprises can be launched, managed, and scaled by a very small team, or a single founder through the systematic exploitation of artificial intelligence (AI) at scale. The fr
From Resources to Sustainable Advantage: A Deep Examination of the VRIO Framework in Strategic Management and Entrepreneurship
Strategic management scholarship has long been concerned with explaining why some firms consistently outperform others despite operating in similar industries and environments. While early strategy research emphasized industry structure and competitive positioning, subsequent scholarship shifted attention toward the internal characteristics of firms as the primary drivers of sustained performance differences. The VRIO framework (value, rarity, imitability and organization), h
Agile and Scrum as Adaptive Frameworks for Managing Complexity in Innovation and Entrepreneurship
The Agile and Scrum framework represents a fundamental shift in how organizations conceive, plan, and execute complex work. Emerging initially within software development, Agile challenged traditional, plan-driven project management approaches that assumed stable requirements and predictable outcomes. Software Development based on Scrum Agile in a distributed development environment plays a pivotal role in the software industry by facilitating software development across geog
Explanation of the OKR (Objectives and Key Results) Framework in Strategic Performance Management
One of the most persistent problems in management theory and practice is the gap between strategic intent and day-to-day execution. Businesses need to develop new performance measurement systems to help solve complex issues. One such measurement system is objectives and key results (OKRs), which has been adopted by Google with great success ( Rompho, 2024). Organizations often articulate compelling visions yet struggle to convert them into coordinated action across teams and
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Business Growth: How Belief, Capability, and Action Drive Sustainable Entrepreneurial Success
Entrepreneurship is often discussed in terms of ideas, funding, and market opportunity, yet one of the most powerful drivers of business growth is far less visible. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, defined as an individual’s belief in their ability to successfully perform entrepreneurial tasks, shapes how entrepreneurs interpret challenges, make decisions, and persist under uncertainty. While capital and strategy matter, belief in one’s capability often determines whether these
What Factors Make Startups Successful? Strategic, Financial, and Human Drivers of High-Performing Startups
Startup success is often portrayed as the result of a breakthrough idea or a single defining moment. Headlines celebrate unicorn valuations, rapid growth, and charismatic founders, creating the impression that success is sudden and inevitable once the right concept is discovered. In reality, startup success is the outcome of a complex interaction between strategy, execution, timing, resources, leadership, and learning. Understanding what truly makes startups successful requir
Entrepreneurial Strategy and Business Performance: How Vision, Execution, and Strategic Discipline Shape Long-Term Value Creation
Entrepreneurship is often romanticized as the triumph of bold ideas and visionary founders. Yet history shows that ideas alone rarely produce lasting success. What separates high-performing entrepreneurial firms from those that stagnate or fail is not inspiration, but strategy. Entrepreneurial strategy provides the connective tissue between opportunity and outcome. It translates uncertainty into structured action and ambition into measurable business performance. In today’s e
QuickBooks, Xero, and FreshBooks: How Modern Accounting Software Is Powering Smarter, Faster, and More Profitable Businesses
Accounting software has quietly become one of the most important pillars of modern business success. As companies move faster, operate remotely, and rely more heavily on real-time data, traditional spreadsheets and manual bookkeeping have proven insufficient. Cloud-based accounting platforms such as QuickBooks, Xero, and FreshBooks have stepped in to fill this gap, transforming financial management from a back-office chore into a strategic advantage. Today’s businesses expect
S&P Nears Record Highs as Wall Street Bets on a Year-End Rally Amid Economic Uncertainty
U.S. stocks are closing out the year perched at a pivotal moment, with the S&P 500 hovering just shy of record territory. The benchmark index’s resilience has surprised many investors who entered the year bracing for recession, tighter financial conditions, and slowing growth. Instead, Wall Street finds itself cautiously optimistic, hoping that a traditional year-end rally will provide one final push higher before the calendar turns.
OpenAI’s Potential $830 Billion Valuation Signals a Turning Point for AI and Global Markets
The artificial intelligence industry may be approaching one of its most defining moments yet. Reports that OpenAI is exploring a new fundraising round that could value the company at as much as $830 billion have sent shockwaves through Silicon Valley and global financial markets. Such a figure would place the AI pioneer among the most valuable private companies in history, rivaling or even surpassing many publicly traded technology giants. For investors, entrepreneurs, and po
How the Push for More IPOs Unleashed a Surge of Scams
In recent years, the United States has seen a surge in initial public offerings, driven in part by regulatory changes designed to make it easier for “emerging growth companies” (EGCs) to go public. These companies, often startups or fast-growing firms, are allowed to take advantage of streamlined reporting requirements, reduced disclosure obligations, and other incentives intended to encourage innovation and access to capital. While the intent behind these rules was to suppor
SpaceX Launches Wall Street Bake-Off to Select Banks for Potential IPO
SpaceX, the trailblazing rocket and satellite company led by Elon Musk, is taking a critical step toward a potential initial public offering (IPO). This week, the company is conducting what Wall Street insiders are calling a “bake-off,” where it will interview a shortlist of investment banks to advise on its IPO strategy. The move highlights the growing interest in taking the private aerospace giant public and underscores the complexities of valuing a company at the forefront
The Entrepreneurial Process Model: A Dynamic Framework for Opportunity Creation, Evaluation, and Venture Evolution
The entrepreneurial process model represents one of the most influential frameworks in entrepreneurship scholarship, offering a systematic explanation of how new ventures emerge, evolve, and, in some cases, fail. Rather than portraying entrepreneurship as a single act of innovation or risk-taking, the model conceptualizes it as an unfolding process shaped by opportunity perception, individual cognition, resource constraints, institutional contexts, and market dynamics. This p
6 min read
The Triple Bottom Line Model: Integrating Economic Performance, Social Equity, and Environmental Sustainability
The Triple Bottom Line model has become one of the most influential frameworks for rethinking the purpose and performance of organizations in the twenty-first century. Coined by John Elkington in the 1990s, the concept challenges the traditional primacy of financial profit by asserting that organizational success should be evaluated across three interdependent dimensions: economic viability, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship. This paper offers an analysis o
4 min read
The Venture Capital Model: Governance, Incentives, and Value Creation in High-Growth Entrepreneurship
The venture capital model occupies a central position in modern entrepreneurial finance, serving as a primary mechanism for funding high-growth, innovation-driven firms under conditions of extreme uncertainty. Unlike traditional bank financing or public equity markets, venture capital is uniquely designed to support ventures with limited operating history, intangible assets, and unproven business models. This paper presents a PhD-level examination of the venture capital model
4 min read
Opportunity Discovery vs Opportunity Creation: Competing Models and Complementary Logics in Entrepreneurship Theory
The question of how entrepreneurial opportunities emerge lies at the heart of entrepreneurship theory. Among the most influential and debated perspectives are the opportunity discovery and opportunity creation models, which offer contrasting explanations of where opportunities come from and how entrepreneurs engage with them. Rather than representing a purely academic dispute, this theoretical divide has profound implications for research design, entrepreneurial education, an
4 min read
CEO Characteristics and Business Performance: How Leadership Traits Shape Strategy, Culture, and Long-Term Value Creation
The role of the chief executive officer occupies a unique position in modern organizations. While firms are complex systems shaped by markets, institutions, and teams, the CEO remains the central figure responsible for setting direction, allocating resources, and interpreting uncertainty. Over decades of research in economics, management, and organizational behavior, scholars and practitioners alike have returned to a persistent question: how much do CEO characteristics actua
QuickBooks, Xero, and FreshBooks: How Modern Accounting Software Is Powering Smarter, Faster, and More Profitable Businesses
Accounting software has quietly become one of the most important pillars of modern business success. As companies move faster, operate remotely, and rely more heavily on real-time data, traditional spreadsheets and manual bookkeeping have proven insufficient. Cloud-based accounting platforms such as QuickBooks, Xero, and FreshBooks have stepped in to fill this gap, transforming financial management from a back-office chore into a strategic advantage. Today’s businesses expect
Accounting Software and Enterprise SaaS: The Digital Backbone of Modern Business
Accounting has always been central to business operations, but its role within modern organizations has expanded far beyond bookkeeping and compliance. In today’s digital economy, accounting functions as a strategic engine that informs decision-making, resource allocation, and long-term planning. This transformation has been driven largely by the rise of enterprise SaaS and the evolution of accounting software from static systems into dynamic, cloud-based platforms. Enterpris
Enterprise Tools and Automation: How Intelligent Systems Are Reshaping the Modern Businesses
Enterprise tools have always played a central role in how large organizations operate, coordinate, and grow. From early ERP systems to modern cloud platforms, enterprise software has served as the backbone of business infrastructure. Yet for decades, these tools primarily acted as systems of record rather than systems of action. They stored data, enforced rules, and supported reporting, but they relied heavily on human effort to drive outcomes. That dynamic is now changing ra
ECB Survey Reveals ‘Unexpected’ Tightening in Bank Lending as Eurozone Credit Conditions Harden Into 2026
Just as businesses across the eurozone were hoping for a more accommodative financial environment, new data from the European Central Bank has delivered an unwelcome surprise. According to the ECB’s latest Bank Lending Survey, eurozone banks tightened their lending conditions for businesses in the final quarter of last year, a move that caught both policymakers and market participants off guard. Even more concerning is the expectation among lenders that this tightening trend
New Zealand Unemployment Hits Decade High at 5.4%, Signaling a Turning Point for the Labor Market and the Economy
New Zealand’s unemployment rate rising to 5.4% in the final quarter of 2026 marks a significant moment for an economy long associated with tight labor markets and strong employment outcomes. Up from 5.3% in the previous quarter, the increase may appear modest at first glance, but its symbolic weight is considerable. At 5.4%, unemployment has reached its highest level in more than a decade, underscoring how deeply economic conditions have shifted after years of global turbulen
Bank of Mexico Pauses Rate-Cutting Cycle at 7.0%, Signaling Caution Amid Inflation Risks and Global Uncertainty
The Bank of Mexico’s decision to pause its rate-cutting cycle and hold the overnight interest-rate target at 7.0% marks a defining moment in the country’s current monetary policy trajectory. After a period of gradual easing designed to support economic activity following years of tight financial conditions, the central bank’s unanimous vote signals a shift from momentum toward caution. This pause is not simply a technical adjustment; it reflects deeper concerns about inflatio
Bank of Canada Governor Macklem Warns Misdiagnosed Economic Weakness Could Undercut Policy
In a pivotal address that has captured the attention of economists, policymakers, and global market watchers, Bank of Canada Governor Tiff Macklem delivered a stark warning about the state of Canada’s economy and the risks of misinterpreting economic weakness. ( The Wall Street Journal ) He highlighted that the central bank’s traditional toolkit, especially interest rate cuts, may not be the panacea many expect if the current economic malaise is rooted in structural shifts ra
Entrepreneurial Innovation Through AI Tools: Automation Leverages In Business Innovation
Entrepreneurial innovation has always been constrained by access to resources. Capital, labor, and time shaped what founders could build and how fast they could move. Artificial intelligence is changing this equation by introducing a new kind of leverage that operates alongside financial capital. The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has made it an indispensable tool for businesses, transforming how executives make decisions. Academic research has suggested th
Measuring AI-Driven Business Performance: Turning Intelligent Systems Into Measurable Competitive Advantage
Artificial intelligence has moved from experimentation to execution across industries. Companies now rely on AI systems to guide pricing, personalize customer experiences, automate operations, and inform strategic decisions. As AI becomes embedded in core business functions, leaders face a critical question: how do you measure whether AI is actually improving business performance? Managers face a strategic choice between a closed, proprietary mode of IT governance focused on
Strategic Resources for AI Startups: Building Durable Advantage in an Intelligence-Driven Economy
AI startups are born into an environment unlike any previous entrepreneurial era. The promise of artificial intelligence is immense, but so are the competitive pressures. New models, platforms, and applications emerge daily, and barriers to entry appear deceptively low. Yet despite this apparent accessibility, only a small fraction of AI startups achieve lasting success. The difference often lies not in the brilliance of the idea, but in how founders identify, acquire, and de
AI Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: How Intelligent Capital Is Redefining Wealth Creation in the Digital Economy
Entrepreneurial success has always depended on access to capital, but the definition of capital is undergoing a profound transformation. In earlier eras, land, labor, and financial resources determined who could build and scale a business. In the industrial age, machinery and physical infrastructure separated large firms from small ones. In the digital age, data and networks became decisive advantages. Today, artificial intelligence represents a new and increasingly dominant
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